Machine-learning based particle-flow algorithm in CMS
F. Mokhtar*  on behalf of the CMS Collaboration
*: corresponding author
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Pre-published on: December 17, 2025
Published on:
Abstract
The particle-flow (PF) algorithm provides a global event description by reconstructing final-state particles and is central to event reconstruction in CMS. Recently, end-to-end machine learning (ML) approaches have been proposed to directly optimize physical quantities of interest and to
leverage heterogeneous computing architectures. One such approach, machine-learned particle flow (MLPF), uses a transformer model to infer particles directly from tracks and clusters in a single pass. We present recent CMS developments in MLPF, including training datasets, model architecture, reconstruction metrics, and integration with offline reconstruction software.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.485.0644
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