Cosmic-ray induced ionisation and spatio-temporal correlations between supernova remnants and molecular clouds
M. Berkner,
D. Breitschwerdt,
S. Gabici,
M. Hübl,
H. Jacobs,
P. Mertsch*,
M. Pacicco,
E. Peretti,
G. Peron,
S. Ravikularaman,
M.M. Schulreich and
P. Vo Hong Minh*: corresponding author
Pre-published on:
September 23, 2025
Published on:
December 30, 2025
Abstract
MeV cosmic rays can penetrate dense molecular clouds and oftentimes dominate the ionisation, thus contributing to the physical and chemical dynamics of star forming regions. The effect of cosmic rays can be quantified by their ionisation rate. Interestingly, the ionisation rate predicted from the locally measured cosmic-ray intensities is one to two orders of magnitude lower than the observed ionisation rates. This disagreement is known as the ionisation puzzle. Previously, it was shown that the point-like nature of cosmic-ray sources, like supernova remnants implies a stochastic scatter in the stochastic ionisation rates. Drawing distances between clouds and sources randomly, the discrepancy between model and observations could be reduced. Here, we extend this model by considering spatial and temporal correlations between source and cloud positions. These are to be expected to a certain degree as supernova remnants are likely formed in the same cloud complexes. We will present the predictions for different assumptions on the correlations and compare to ionisation data.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.501.0092
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