Spectrum of PeV Cosmic-Ray Protons and Helium Nuclei with IceCube
R. Abbasi,
M. Ackermann,
J. Adams,
S.K. Agarwalla,
J. Aguilar,
M. Ahlers,
J.M. Alameddine, S. Ali, N.M.B. Amin, K. Andeen, C. Argüelles, Y. Ashida, S. Athanasiadou, S. Axani, R. Babu, X. Bai, J. Baines-Holmes, A. Balagopal V, S.W. Barwick, S. Bash, V. Basu, R. Bay, J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, P. Behrens, J. Beise, C. Bellenghi, B. Benkel, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Besson, E. Blaufuss, L. Bloom, S. Blot, I. Bodo, F. Bontempo, J. Book Motzkin, C. Boscolo Meneguolo, S. Boser, O. Botner, J. Bottcher, J. Braun, B. Brinson, Z. Brisson-Tsavoussis, R.T. Burley, D. Butterfield, M. Campana, K. Carloni, J. Carpio, S. Chattopadhyay, T.N. Chau, Z. Chen, D. Chirkin, S. Choi, B. Clark, A. Coleman, P.J.C. Coleman, G. Collin, D.A. Coloma Borja, A. Connolly, J. Conrad, R. Corley, D. Cowen, C. De Clercq, J. DeLaunay, D. Delgado, T. Delmeulle, S. Deng, P. Desiati, K. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, T. DeYoung, J.C. Diaz-Velez, S. DiKerby, M. Dittmer, A. Domi, L. Draper, L. Dueser, D. Durnford, K. Dutta, M. DuVernois, T. Ehrhardt, L. Eidenschink, A. Eimer, P. Eller, E. Ellinger, D. Elsässer, R. Engel, H. Erpenbeck, W. Esmail, S. Eulig, J. Evans, P. Evenson, K.L. Fan, K. Fang, K.R. Farrag, A. Fazely, A. Fedynitch, N. Feigl, C. Finley, L. Fischer, D.B. Fox, A. Franckowiak, S. Fukami, P. Furst, J. Gallagher, E. Ganster, A. Garcia, M. Garcia, G. Garg, E. Genton, L. Gerhardt, A. Ghadimi, C. Glaser, T. Glüsenkamp, J. Gonzalez, S. Goswami, A. Granados, D. Grant, S. Gray, S. Griffin, S. Griswold, K.M. Groth, D.J. Guevel, C. Günther, P. Gutjahr, C.H. Ha, C. Haack, A. Hallgren, L. Halve, F. Halzen, L. Hamacher, M. Ha Minh, M. Handt, K. Hanson, J. Hardin, A. Harnisch, P. Hatch, A. Haungs, J. Haussler, K. Helbing, J. Hellrung, B. Henke, L. Hennig, F. Henningsen, L.P. Heuermann, R. Hewett, N. Heyer, S. Hickford, A. Hidvegi, C. Hill, G. Hill, R. Hmaid, K. Hoffman, D. Hooper, S. Hori, K. Hoshina, M. Hostert, W. Hou, T. Huber, K. Hultqvist, K. Hymon, A. Ishihara, W. Iwakiri, M. Jacquart, S. Jain, O. Janik, M. Jansson, M. Jeong, M. Jin, N. Kamp, D. Kang, W. Kang, X. Kang, A. Kappes, L. Kardum, T. Karg, M. Karl, A. Karle, A. Katil, M. Kauer, J. Kelley, M. Khanal, A. Khatee Zathul, A. Kheirandish, H. KimKu, J. Kiryluk, C. Klein, S. Klein, Y. Kobayashi, A. Kochocki, R. Koirala, H. Kolanoski, T. Kontrimas, L. Kopke, C. Kopper, J. Koskinen, P. Koundal, M. Kowalski, T. Kozynets, N. Krieger, K. Jayakumar, T. Krishnan, K. Kruiswijk, E. Krupczak, A. Kumar, E. Kun, N. Kurahashi, N.N. Lad, C. Lagunas Gualda, L. Lallement Arnaud, M. Lamoureux, M.J. Larson, F.H. Lauber, J. Lazar, K. Leonard DeHolton, A. Leszczynska, J. Liao, C. Lin, Y. Liu, M. Liubarska, C. Love, L. Lu, F. Lucarelli, W. Luszczak, Y. Lyu, J. Madsen, E. Magnus, K. Mahn, Y. Makino, E. Manao, S. Mancina, A. Mand, I.C. Maris, S. Marka, Z. Marka, L. Marten, I. Martinez-Soler, R.H. Maruyama, J. Mauro, F. Mayhew, F. McNally, J.V. Mead, K. Meagher, S. Mechbal, A. Medina, M. Meier, Y. Merckx, L. Merten, J. Mitchell, L. Molchany, T. Montaruli, R. Moore, Y. Morii, A. Mosbrugger, M. Moulai, D. Mousadi, E. Moyaux, T. Mukherjee, R. Naab, M. Nakos, U. Naumann, J. Necker, L. Neste, M. Neumann, H. Niederhausen, M.U. Nisa, K. Noda, A. Noell, A. Novikov, A. Pollmann, V. O'Dell, A. Olivas, R. Ørsøe, J. Osborn, E. O'Sullivan, V. Palusova, H. Pandya, A. Parenti, N. Park, V. Parrish, E.N. Paudel, L. Paul, C. Pérez de los Heros, T. Pernice, J. Peterson, M. Plum, A. Ponten, V. Poojyam, Y. Popovych, M. Prado Rodriguez, B. Pries, R. Procter-Murphy, G. Przybylski, L. Pyras, C. Raab, J. Rack-Helleis, N. Rad, M.L. Ravn, K. Rawlins, Z. Rechav, A. Rehman, I. Reistroffer, E. Resconi, S. Reusch, C.D. Rho, W. Rhode, L. Ricca, B. Riedel, A. Rifaie, E. Roberts, S. Robertson, M. Rongen, A. Rosted, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, L. Ruohan, D. Ryckbosch, J. Saffer*, D. Salazar-Gallegos, P. Sampathkumar, A. Sandrock, G. Sanger-Johnson, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, J. Savelberg, M. Scarnera, P. Schaile, M. Schaufel, H. Schieler, S. Schindler, L. Schlickmann, B. Schlüter, F. Schlüter, N. Schmeisser, T. Schmidt, F. Schröder, L. Schumacher, S. Schwirn, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, L. Seen, M.F.H. Seikh, S. Seunarine, P.A. Sevle Myhr, R. Shah, S. Shefali, S. N, B. Skrzypek, R. Snihur, J. Soedingrekso, A. Sogaard, D. Soldin, P. Soldin, G. Sommani, C. Spannfellner, G. Spiczak, C. Spiering, J. Stachurska, M. Stamatikos, T. Stanev, T. Stezelberger, T. Sturwald, T. Stuttard, G. Sullivan, I. Taboada, S. Ter-Antonyan, A. Terliuk, A. Thakuri, M. Thiesmeyer, W. Thompson, J. Thwaites, S. Tilav, K. Tollefson, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, A. Trettin, A.K. Upadhyay, K. Upshaw, A. Vaidyanathan, N. Valtonen-Mattila, J. Valverde, J. Vandenbroucke, T. van Eeden, N. van Eijndhoven, L. van Rootselaar, J. van Santen, F.J. Vara Carbonell, F. Varsi, M. Venugopal, M. Vereecken, S. Vergara Carrasco, S. Verpoest, D. Veske, A. Vijai, J. Villarreal, C. Walck, A. Wang, E. Warrick, C. Weaver, P. Weigel, A. Weindl, J. Weldert, A. Wen, C. Wendt, J. Werthebach, M. Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C. Wiebusch, D. Williams, L. Witthaus, M. Wolf, G. Wrede, X. Xu, J.P. Yanez, Y. Yao, E.B. Yildizci, S. Yoshida, R. Young, F. Yu, S. Yu, T. Yuan, A. Zegarelli, S. Zhang, Z. Zhang, P. Zhelnin, P. Zilberman on behalf of the IceCube Collaborationet al. (click to show)*: corresponding author
Pre-published on:
November 06, 2025
Published on:
December 30, 2025
Abstract
The IceCube Observatory comprises a cubic-kilometer particle detector deep in the Antarctic ice and the cosmic-ray air-shower array IceTop at the surface above. Previous analyses of the cosmic-ray composition have used coincident events with IceTop detecting the electromagnetic shower footprint as well as GeV muons, while the sensors submerged in the ice measure the TeV muons from the same events. The energy range of previous composition analyses, however, has been limited to 3 PeV primary energy and above, whereas the IceTop all-particle energy spectrum has been extended down to 250 TeV. This contribution presents a method to reconstruct the combined spectrum of cosmic-ray protons and helium nuclei, starting at 200 TeV primary energy. The resulting H+He spectrum closes the gap in the measurements of light cosmic rays between IceCube as well as KASCADE and experiments measuring in the TeV energy range, such as DAMPE and HAWC.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.501.0376
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