Investigation of Electromagnetic and Muonic Air-Shower Components using IceTop Simulations
F. Varsi*,
L. Draper,
D. Soldin,
R. Abbasi,
M. Ackermann,
J. Adams,
S.K. Agarwalla, J. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, J.M. Alameddine, S. Ali, N.M.B. Amin, K. Andeen, C. Argüelles, Y. Ashida, S. Athanasiadou, S. Axani, R. Babu, X. Bai, J. Baines-Holmes, A. Balagopal V, S.W. Barwick, S. Bash, V. Basu, R. Bay, J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, P. Behrens, J. Beise, C. Bellenghi, B. Benkel, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Besson, E. Blaufuss, L. Bloom, S. Blot, I. Bodo, F. Bontempo, J. Book Motzkin, C. Boscolo Meneguolo, S. Boser, O. Botner, J. Bottcher, J. Braun, B. Brinson, Z. Brisson-Tsavoussis, R.T. Burley, D. Butterfield, M. Campana, K. Carloni, J. Carpio, S. Chattopadhyay, T.N. Chau, Z. Chen, D. Chirkin, S. Choi, B. Clark, A. Coleman, P.J.C. Coleman, G. Collin, D.A. Coloma Borja, A. Connolly, J. Conrad, R. Corley, D. Cowen, C. De Clercq, J. DeLaunay, D. Delgado, T. Delmeulle, S. Deng, P. Desiati, K. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, T. DeYoung, J.C. Diaz-Velez, S. DiKerby, M. Dittmer, A. Domi, L. Dueser, D. Durnford, K. Dutta, M. DuVernois, T. Ehrhardt, L. Eidenschink, A. Eimer, P. Eller, E. Ellinger, D. Elsässer, R. Engel, H. Erpenbeck, W. Esmail, S. Eulig, J. Evans, P. Evenson, K.L. Fan, K. Fang, K.R. Farrag, A. Fazely, A. Fedynitch, N. Feigl, C. Finley, L. Fischer, D.B. Fox, A. Franckowiak, S. Fukami, P. Furst, J. Gallagher, E. Ganster, A. Garcia, M. Garcia, G. Garg, E. Genton, L. Gerhardt, A. Ghadimi, C. Glaser, T. Glüsenkamp, J. Gonzalez, S. Goswami, A. Granados, D. Grant, S. Gray, S. Griffin, S. Griswold, K.M. Groth, D.J. Guevel, C. Günther, P. Gutjahr, C.H. Ha, C. Haack, A. Hallgren, L. Halve, F. Halzen, L. Hamacher, M. Ha Minh, M. Handt, K. Hanson, J. Hardin, A. Harnisch, P. Hatch, A. Haungs, J. Haussler, K. Helbing, J. Hellrung, B. Henke, L. Hennig, F. Henningsen, L.P. Heuermann, R. Hewett, N. Heyer, S. Hickford, A. Hidvegi, C. Hill, G. Hill, R. Hmaid, K. Hoffman, D. Hooper, S. Hori, K. Hoshina, M. Hostert, W. Hou, T. Huber, K. Hultqvist, K. Hymon, A. Ishihara, W. Iwakiri, M. Jacquart, S. Jain, O. Janik, M. Jansson, M. Jeong, M. Jin, N. Kamp, D. Kang, W. Kang, X. Kang, A. Kappes, L. Kardum, T. Karg, M. Karl, A. Karle, A. Katil, M. Kauer, J. Kelley, M. Khanal, A. Khatee Zathul, A. Kheirandish, H. KimKu, J. Kiryluk, C. Klein, S. Klein, Y. Kobayashi, A. Kochocki, R. Koirala, H. Kolanoski, T. Kontrimas, L. Kopke, C. Kopper, J. Koskinen, P. Koundal, M. Kowalski, T. Kozynets, N. Krieger, K. Jayakumar, T. Krishnan, K. Kruiswijk, E. Krupczak, A. Kumar, E. Kun, N. Kurahashi, N.N. Lad, C. Lagunas Gualda, L. Lallement Arnaud, M. Lamoureux, M.J. Larson, F.H. Lauber, J. Lazar, K. Leonard DeHolton, A. Leszczynska, J. Liao, C. Lin, Y. Liu, M. Liubarska, C. Love, L. Lu, F. Lucarelli, W. Luszczak, Y. Lyu, J. Madsen, E. Magnus, K. Mahn, Y. Makino, E. Manao, S. Mancina, A. Mand, I.C. Maris, S. Marka, Z. Marka, L. Marten, I. Martinez-Soler, R.H. Maruyama, J. Mauro, F. Mayhew, F. McNally, J.V. Mead, K. Meagher, S. Mechbal, A. Medina, M. Meier, Y. Merckx, L. Merten, J. Mitchell, L. Molchany, T. Montaruli, R. Moore, Y. Morii, A. Mosbrugger, M. Moulai, D. Mousadi, E. Moyaux, T. Mukherjee, R. Naab, M. Nakos, U. Naumann, J. Necker, L. Neste, M. Neumann, H. Niederhausen, M.U. Nisa, K. Noda, A. Noell, A. Novikov, A. Pollmann, V. O'Dell, A. Olivas, R. Ørsøe, J. Osborn, E. O'Sullivan, V. Palusova, H. Pandya, A. Parenti, N. Park, V. Parrish, E.N. Paudel, L. Paul, C. Pérez de los Heros, T. Pernice, J. Peterson, M. Plum, A. Ponten, V. Poojyam, Y. Popovych, M. Prado Rodriguez, B. Pries, R. Procter-Murphy, G. Przybylski, L. Pyras, C. Raab, J. Rack-Helleis, N. Rad, M.L. Ravn, K. Rawlins, Z. Rechav, A. Rehman, I. Reistroffer, E. Resconi, S. Reusch, C.D. Rho, W. Rhode, L. Ricca, B. Riedel, A. Rifaie, E. Roberts, S. Robertson, M. Rongen, A. Rosted, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, L. Ruohan, D. Ryckbosch, J. Saffer, D. Salazar-Gallegos, P. Sampathkumar, A. Sandrock, G. Sanger-Johnson, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, J. Savelberg, M. Scarnera, P. Schaile, M. Schaufel, H. Schieler, S. Schindler, L. Schlickmann, B. Schlüter, F. Schlüter, N. Schmeisser, T. Schmidt, F. Schröder, L. Schumacher, S. Schwirn, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, L. Seen, M.F.H. Seikh, S. Seunarine, P.A. Sevle Myhr, R. Shah, S. Shefali, S. N, B. Skrzypek, R. Snihur, J. Soedingrekso, A. Sogaard, P. Soldin, G. Sommani, C. Spannfellner, G. Spiczak, C. Spiering, J. Stachurska, M. Stamatikos, T. Stanev, T. Stezelberger, T. Sturwald, T. Stuttard, G. Sullivan, I. Taboada, S. Ter-Antonyan, A. Terliuk, A. Thakuri, M. Thiesmeyer, W. Thompson, J. Thwaites, S. Tilav, K. Tollefson, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, A. Trettin, A.K. Upadhyay, K. Upshaw, A. Vaidyanathan, N. Valtonen-Mattila, J. Valverde, J. Vandenbroucke, T. van Eeden, N. van Eijndhoven, L. van Rootselaar, J. van Santen, F.J. Vara Carbonell, M. Venugopal, M. Vereecken, S. Vergara Carrasco, S. Verpoest, D. Veske, A. Vijai, J. Villarreal, C. Walck, A. Wang, E. Warrick, C. Weaver, P. Weigel, A. Weindl, J. Weldert, A. Wen, C. Wendt, J. Werthebach, M. Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C. Wiebusch, D. Williams, L. Witthaus, M. Wolf, G. Wrede, X. Xu, J.P. Yanez, Y. Yao, E.B. Yildizci, S. Yoshida, R. Young, F. Yu, S. Yu, T. Yuan, A. Zegarelli, S. Zhang, Z. Zhang, P. Zhelnin, P. Zilberman on behalf of the IceCube Collaborationet al. (click to show)*: corresponding author
Pre-published on:
September 24, 2025
Published on:
December 30, 2025
Abstract
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory studies cosmic-ray initiated extensive air showers (EASs) using the IceTop surface array, which is sensitive to the electromagnetic component and low-energy (∼ GeV) muonic component of EASs. The contribution from the two components is reconstructed on an event-by-event basis by simultaneously fitting separate lateral distribution functions (LDFs) for both the electromagnetic and muonic components of each shower. In this work, we demonstrate the ability of the two-component LDF reconstruction to recreate the muon distribution in IceTop accurately. The parameters characterizing the reconstructed muonic LDF can vary significantly based on the choice of hadronic interaction model. Thus, the dependence of the reconstructed muon LDF and other parameters on the hadronic interaction models is investigated.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.501.0424
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