Hadron structure calculations using lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) have advanced significantly in recent years. Results for charges, form factors, and lower Mellin moments can be obtained to high precision, generalized parton distributions can now be computed either directly or reconstructed from moments, and transverse-momentum–dependent distributions can be accessed through direct lattice calculations. Together, these quantities provide detailed and complementary insights into the internal structure of hadrons.
These theoretical developments are highly relevant to the experimental program of the Electron–Ion Collider (EIC) and of other facilities. We review the most pertinent lattice QCD results for hadron structure that inform the EIC scientific agenda, with particular emphasis on the pion, kaon, and nucleon.