I review recent lattice results on strongly interacting matter under extreme conditions, with emphasis on the finite-temperature QCD transition at $\mu_B=0$, its approach toward the chiral limit and the fate of the $U_A(1)$ anomaly, as well as recent constraints on the QCD phase boundary and the possible critical endpoint at $\mu_B>0$. I also discuss selected advances in lattice methods and in QCD thermodynamics under external conditions, in particular strong magnetic fields, isospin chemical potential, rotation, acceleration, and quark spin polarization.