We give a new analysis of the roles of center vortices and magnetic monopoles in determining the vacuum phases of theories with $\mathbf Z_N$ 1-form symmetry, such as pure $SU(N)$ and $\mathbf Z_N$ gauge theories in the continuum or on the lattice.
It is argued on general grounds, and analytically proven in a 4D $\mathbf Z_N$ lattice gauge theory, that center vortex proliferation without monopole proliferation leads to a Coulomb phase -- emergent photons -- rather than confinement.
We conclude that center vortex proliferation alone cannot be a general mechanism for quark confinement.

