In order to achieve the highest levels of precision at the Large Hadron Collider, a detailed understanding of the strong interaction is required. Three recent measurements made by the ATLAS Collaboration in $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV $pp$ collisions are reported, which are sensitive to different aspects of perturbative and non-perturbative quantum chromodynamics. These results include a measurement of hadronic event shapes in multijet final states with large momentum transfer, a measurement of jet substructure quantities with jets groomed using the Soft Drop algorithm, and a measurement of the Lund jet plane using charged particle tracks inside of jets. These measurements are corrected for acceptance and detector effects, and are compared to state-of-the-art parton shower Monte Carlo models and analytical calculations. The measured data have been made publicly available for use in future studies.