The study of identified particle production in proton-proton (pp) collisions as a function of center-of-mass energy ($\sqrt{s}$) and event charged-particle multiplicity is a key tool for understanding similarities and differences between small and large collision systems. We report on new measurements of the production of identified particles and their dependence on multiplicity and $\sqrt{s}$.
Latest results for light flavor hadrons, comprising $\pi^{\pm}$, $\mathrm{K}^{\pm}$, $\mathrm{{\rm p}(\rm \bar{p})}$, single-strange ($\mathrm{K_{S}^{0}}$, $\bar{\Lambda}$, and $\Lambda$), multi-strange ($\Xi^{-}$, $\overline{\Xi}^{+}$, $\Omega^{-}$, and $\overline{\Omega}^{+}$) particles as well as resonances ($\mathrm{K^{*0}}$, $\mathrm{\overline{K}^{*0}}$, $\phi$), are presented for $\sqrt{s}~=~5.02, 7$, and $\sqrt{s}~=~13\,\text{TeV}$ --- measurements for $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}~=~5.02\,\text{TeV}$ pp collisions are reported here for the first time. The measured minimum bias \pt spectra and yields were complemented with multiplicity-dependent measurements for single- and multi-strange hadrons at $\sqrt{s}~=~7$ and $\sqrt{s}~=~13\,\text{TeV}$. Result are compared to measurements at lower collision energies as well as to those in proton-lead (p--Pb) and lead-lead (Pb--Pb) collisions, respectively at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}~=~5.02\,\text{TeV}$ and $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}~=~2.76\,\text{TeV}$.
The results unveil intriguing similarities among collision systems at different center-of-mass energies. The production rates of strange hadrons are found to increase more than those of non-strange particles, showing an enhancement pattern with multiplicity which does not depend on the collision energy. These yield ratios take values which are alike for small systems at comparable multiplicities, and show smooth evolution with multiplicity across all collision systems; they tend to approach those measured in p--Pb collisions.
Although, the multiplicity dependence of spectral shapes can be qualitatively described by general-purpose Monte Carlo (MC) event generators, the evolution of integrated yield ratios is barely (or not) captured at all by MC model predictions.