A calibration study of local ice and optical sensor properties in IceCube
on behalf of the IceCube Collaboration,
R. Abbasi,
M. Ackermann,
J. Adams,
J. Aguilar,
M. Ahlers,
M. Ahrens, C.M. Alispach, A.A. Alves Junior, N.M.B. Amin, R. An, K. Andeen, T. Anderson, G. Anton, C. Arguelles, Y. Ashida, S. Axani, X. Bai, A. Balagopal V., A.M. Barbano, S.W. Barwick, B. Bastian, V. Basu, S. Baur, R.C. Bay, J.J. Beatty, K.H. Becker, J. Becker Tjus, C. Bellenghi, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D.Z. Besson, G. Binder, D. Bindig, E. Blaufuss, S. Blot, M. Boddenberg, F. Bontempo, J. Borowka, S. Boser, O. Botner, J. Boettcher, E. Bourbeau, F. Bradascio, J. Braun, S. Bron, J. Brostean-Kaiser, S.A. Browne, A. Burgman, R.T. Burley, R. Busse, M. Campana, E. Carnie-Bronca, C. Chen, D. Chirkin*, K. Choi, B. Clark, K. Clark, L. Classen, A. Coleman, G. Collin, J.M. Conrad, P. Coppin, P. Correa, D.F. Cowen, R. Cross, C. Dappen, P. Dave, C. De Clercq, J. DeLaunay, H. Dembinski, K. Deoskar, S. De Ridder, A. Desai, P. Desiati, K. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, M. De With, T. DeYoung, S. Dharani, A. Diaz, J.C. Diaz-Velez, M. Dittmer, H. Dujmovic, M. Dunkman, M. DuVernois, E. Dvorak, T. Ehrhardt, P. Eller, R. Engel, H. Erpenbeck, J. Evans, P.A. Evenson, K.L. Fan, A.R. Fazely, S. Fiedlschuster, A. Fienberg, K. Filimonov, C. Finley, L. Fischer, D.B. Fox, A. Franckowiak, E. Friedman, A. Fritz, P. Furst, T.K. Gaisser, J. Gallagher, E. Ganster, A. Garcia, S. Garrappa, L. Gerhardt, A. Ghadimi, C. Glaser, T. Glauch, T. Glusenkamp, A. Goldschmidt, J. Gonzalez, S. Goswami, D. Grant, T. Grégoire, S. Griswold, M. Gunduz, C. Günther, C. Haack, A. Hallgren, R. Halliday, L. Halve, F. Halzen, M. Ha Minh, K. Hanson, J. Hardin, A.A. Harnisch, A. Haungs, S. Hauser, D. Hebecker, K. Helbing, F. Henningsen, E.C. Hettinger, S. Hickford, J. Hignight, C. Hill, G.C. Hill, K. Hoffman, R. Hoffmann, T. Hoinka, B. Hokanson-Fasig, K. Hoshina, F. Huang, M. Huber, T. Huber, K. Hultqvist, M. Hunnefeld, R. Hussain, S. In, N. Iovine, A. Ishihara, M. Jansson, G. Japaridze, M. Jeong, B. Jones, D. Kang, W. Kang, X. Kang, A. Kappes, D. Kappesser, T. Karg, M. Karl, A. Karle, U. Katz, M. Kauer, M. Kellermann, J.L. Kelley, A. Kheirandish, K.i. Kin, T. Kintscher, J. Kiryluk, S. Klein, R. Koirala, H. Kolanoski, T. Kontrimas, L. Kopke, C. Kopper, S. Kopper, D.J. Koskinen, P. Koundal, M. Kovacevich, M. Kowalski, T. Kozynets, E. Kun, N.K. Neilson, N.N. Lad, C. Lagunas Gualda, J. Lanfranchi, M.J. Larson, F.H. Lauber, J. Lazar, J. Lee, K. Leonard, A. Leszczynska, Y. Li, M. Lincetto, Q. Liu, M. Liubarska, E. Lohfink, C.J. Lozano Mariscal, L. Lu, F. Lucarelli, A. Ludwig, W. Luszczak, Y. Lyu, W.Y. Ma, J. Madsen, K. Mahn, Y. Makino, S. Mancina, I.C. Maris, R.H. Maruyama, K. Mase, T. McElroy, F. McNally, J.V. Mead, K. Meagher, A. Medina, M. Meier, S.A. Meighen-Berger, J. Micallef, D. Mockler, T. Montaruli, R. Moore, R. Morse, M. Moulai, R. Naab, R. Nagai, U. Naumann, J. Necker, L.V. Nguyen, H. Niederhausen, M. Nisa, S. Nowicki, D. Nygren, A. Obertacke Pollmann, M. Oehler, A. Olivas, E. O'Sullivan, H. Pandya, D. Pankova, N. Park, G. Parker, E.N. Paudel, L. Paul, C. Perez de los Heros, L. Peters, J. Peterson, S. Philippen, D. Pieloth, S. Pieper, M. Pittermann, A. Pizzuto, M. Plum, Y. Popovych, A. Porcelli, M. Prado Rodriguez, P.B. Price, B. Pries, G. Przybylski, C. Raab, A. Raissi, M. Rameez, K. Rawlins, I.C. Rea, A. Rehman, P. Reichherzer, R. Reimann, G. Renzi, E. Resconi, S. Reusch, W. Rhode, M. Richman, B. Riedel, E. Roberts, S. Robertson, G. Roellinghoff, M. Rongen, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, D. Ryckbosch, D. Rysewyk Cantu, I. Safa, J. Saffer, S. Sanchez Herrera, A. Sandrock, J. Sandroos, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, S. Sarkar, K. Satalecka, M.K. Scharf, M. Schaufel, H. Schieler, S. Schindler, P. Schlunder, T. Schmidt, A. Schneider, J. Schneider, F. Schröder, L.J. Schumacher, G. Schwefer, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, S. Seunarine, A. Sharma, S. Shefali, M. Silva, B. Skrzypek, B. Smithers, R. Snihur, J. Soedingrekso, D. Soldin, C. Spannfellner, G. Spiczak, C. Spiering, J. Stachurska, M. Stamatikos, T. Stanev, R. Stein, J. Stettner, A. Steuer, T. Stezelberger, T. Sturwald, T. Stuttard, G.W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, F. Tenholt, S. Ter-Antonyan, S. Tilav, F. Tischbein, K. Tollefson, L. Tomankova, C. Tönnis, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, A. Trettin, M. Tselengidou, C. Tung, A. Turcati, R. Turcotte, C. Turley, J.P. Twagirayezu, B. Ty, M. Unland Elorrieta, N. Valtonen-Mattila, J. Vandenbroucke, N. van Eijndhoven, D. Vannerom, J. van Santen, S. Verpoest, M. Vraeghe, C. Walck, T. Watson, C. Weaver, P. Weigel, A. Weindl, M. Weiss, J. Weldert, C. Wendt, J. Werthebach, M. Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C.H. Wiebusch, D. Williams, M. Wolf, K. Woschnagg, G. Wrede, J. Wulff, X. Xu, Y. Xu, J.P. Yanez, S. Yoshida, S. Yu, T. Yuan and Z. Zhanget al. (click to show)*: corresponding author
Pre-published on:
July 04, 2021
Published on:
March 18, 2022
Abstract
The optical sensors of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory are attached on vertical strings of cables. They were frozen into the ice in the deployment holes made by hot water drill. This hole ice, to the best of our knowledge, consists of a bubbly central column, with the remainder of the re-frozen volume being optically clear. The bubbly ice often blocks one or several of the calibration LEDs in every optical sensor and significantly distorts the angular profile of the calibration light pulses. It also affects the sensors’ response to in-coming photons at different locations and directions. We present our modeling of the hole ice optical properties as well as optical sensor location and orientation within the hole ice. The shadowing effects of cable string and possible optical sensor tilt away from the nominal vertical alignment are also discussed.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.395.1023
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