We present recent measurements relevant to the CKM unitarity triangle and $CP$ violation, based on data collected by the Belle II experiment at the $\Upsilon(4S)$ resonance from 2019 to 2022. These measurements play a crucial role in testing the consistency of the Standard Model and probing possible signs of new physics. Specifically, we report the latest results on two-body $B$ meson decays contributing to the determination of the CKM angle $\alpha$, as well as the recent determinations of the CKM matrix elements $|V_{cb}|$ and $|V_{ub}|$ using semileptonic $B$ decays.